MBA英语语法概述3

倒装语序有两类: 全部倒装和部分倒装。

全部倒装：指谓语部分全部提到主语之前；
部分倒装：指谓语的一部分提到主语之前。

倒装语序常出现在下列情况中:

1. 为避免句子部分内容重复, 英语中常用倒装句,即: so (neither, nor)+be动词(助动词, 情态动词)+主语。
My fater is an engineer; so is my husband.
Jane didn’t attend my class yesterday; nor did Torris.
"John can’t swim." "Neither can I.""约翰不会游泳。" "我也不会。"

[提示]如表示赞同别人的陈述, so后面的部分不倒装。
"Jim is a good-swimmer."
"So he is, and so is Dick."

2. 具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时, 句子一般部分倒装,即将be动词、助动词或情态动词提到主语前。这类词或短语包括: not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time,no sooner…(then), hardly …(when), not only…(but also)等。

Never has my brother been abroad before.
Hardly had I sat down when I heard someone knocking at the door.
No sonner had he returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there.  
At no time should you give up studying.在任何时候你都不应放弃读书。

[提示]

(1)如果句首的否定词修饰主语, 是主语的一部分, 则句子不用倒装。

Scarcely a drop of rain fell last month.

(2) as或though引导的让步状语从句常用倒装。一般将一些形容词、副词等置于句首。

Prominent as he is in his field, he remains easy-going.
Wealthy as he is, I don’t envy him.

3. 当so, often, only等表示程序或频率的副词置于句首时, 句子一般倒装。

So great was the destruction that the south took decades to recovery.
Often does he warn us not to touch the poisonous chemical.
Only in this way can we accomplish it on time.

4. 当there, here, then, now等副词置于句首, 且谓语动词为come, go, be等词时,句子一般全部倒装。此类倒装句旨在引起别人注意。但如果主语是代词。句子则不倒装。

Look! Here comes the taxi.
Here are some letters for you to type.
Then came the chairman.


5. 当out, in, away, up, bang等方位或拟声词置于句首时, 句子一般全部倒装。此类倒装句比正常程序的句子的更生动、形象。但如主语是代词, 句子则不倒装。
Away flew the bird.
Bang goes my ace.
Away she went.
Ahead sat an old woman.

Exercises 4 Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences:

1. Only recently ___________ to realize the dangers caffeine(咖啡因)
might bring to our health.

A. that scientists began              B. have scientists begun
C. scientists have begun              D. that did scientists begin

2. Not until the year of 1954 ________ made the capital of this country.

      A. the city was                        B. was the city

C. when the city was                  D. was when the city

3. ___________ the doctor right away, he might be alive today.

      A. Should he have gone to              B. If he went to
      C. Were he to go                      D. Had he gone to

4. "Does your father call you very often?"
  "yes, my fater calls about once a week and ___________ ."

      A. so my brother does                  B. my brother does so
      C. so does my brother                  D. does so my brother

5. Hardly anything ___________ more than the happiness of seeing someone using his device for treatment.

      A. please him                          B. does please him
      C. pleases him                        D. does him please

6. So little ___________ about physics that the lecture was completely beyond me.

      A. I knew                              B. did I know
      C. I had known                        D. had I known

7. We are late! Look, ___________ !

      A. there the bus goes                  B. the bus goes there
      C. there goes the bus                  D. the bus there goes

8. Only after he has acquired considerable facility in speaking
___________ to learn to read and write.

      A. he began                            B. will he begin
      C. did he begin                        D. must he begin

9. Busy ___________ he is, he can fulfill the task ahead of schedule.

      A. because                            B. as
      C. no matter how                      D. although

10. By no means ___________ create or destroy energy.

      A. we can                              B. we can’t
      C. can we                              D. shall we

11. How strange ___________ !

      A. that the children are so quiet is
      B. that the children so quiet are
      C. is the children are so quiet
      D. it is that the children are so quiet

12. Not only ___________ tolerant of other people’s opinion,
but he is also patient.

      A. he is                              B. is he
      C. he will be                          D. will he be

13. She never laughed, ___________ lose her temper.

      A. neither she did                    B. nor did she
      C. either did she                      D. she either

14. ___________ table tennis was accepted as a regular part of
the Olympic Games.

      A. Not until 1986                B. It was not until 1986 that
      C. It was in 1986 when          D. It was until 1986 that

15. ___________ that Susan hadn’t dared to make a sound.

      A. So was he absorbed                  B. So absorbed he was
      C. So absorbed was he                  D. So he was absored

从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类:  
  即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句)。  
  引导从句的词称作关联句.  

一、名词性从句  

引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括:  
  从属连词that, if, whether;  
连接代词who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,whose;  
  连接副词where, when, why, how。  

其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分,  
而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分.  

That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising.  
The fact is that he didn’t go to the dinner party.  
I don’t know if he will attend the meeting.  
Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?  

你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句)  

[提示]  

1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末.  

It’s well-known that water is indispensable to life.(形式主语)  

2. 为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下

He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.  

3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语  
从句。whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以。  

I don’t know whether (if) she is at home.  

Whether she comes or not makes no difference.  

4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略, what则不可省。  

He always means what he says.  
She suggested (that) he do it at once.  

5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面, 如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。  

We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.  
The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.  

二、定语从句  

引导定语从句的关联词包括:  

(1)关系代词:that, which, whose, who, whom, as;  
(2)关系副词:when, where, why。  

关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成分,  
关系代词在句中充当动词的宾语时, 一般可省去。  

关系代词的选用比较复杂, 它受下列条件的制约:  

(1)先行词是指人还是指物;  
(2)关系代词在从句中的句法功能;  
(3)定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。  

关系代词的选用情况见下表:   
先行词在从句中的句法功能  用于限定性或非限定性定语从句 只用于限定性定语从句  
指人或指物                    指人  指物  
主语                  　　　　who  which