MBA英语语法概述2

第二节 语 态  

    被动语态常用于下列几种情况:

    一、动作的执行者无需指出或不明确时

    Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
    Rome was not built in a day.

    二、为了强调动作的承受者

    Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack.
    Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.

    三、为了修辞的需要

    He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.
    Yesterdayu he visited our university and was welcomed by the President.

[提示]

    1. 除及物动词外, 一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可作用被动态形式, 除个别情况外, 短语动词一般不拆开使用。

    This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.（短语）

    2. 不及物动词(或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词)和表示状态的动词(或短语动词)无被动态形式, 如happen, rise, occur, take place, break out等; 以及lack, fit, suit, equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of,look like等。

    The story took place in 1949.

    3. 将主动态形式改为被动态形式时如遇到动词后跟双宾语的情况, 我们只能将其中之一变成主语, 另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变成主语时, 保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。

    I gave my hasband a tie as a birthday pressent.
    →My hasband was given a tie as a birthday present.
    →A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present.

    Exercises 2 Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences:

    1. The professor was knowledgeable and eloquent and ___B_______ with enthusiasm.

      A. was always listened            B. was always listened to
      C. always was listened            D. always listened to

    2. He returned a week later and found his house ____D______ .

      A. has broken into                B. was broken into
      C. to be broken into              D. has been broken into

    3. The United Kingdom _____C_____ Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

      A. consisted of                    B. is consisted of
      C. consists of                    D. consist
4. These oranges ______B____ nice. （smell feel taste主动形式可表被动）

      A. are tasted                      B. taste
      C. is tasted                      D. tastes

    5. In 1950, she was the largest ship that ______D____ .

      A. was ever built                  B. has ever built
      C. has ever been built            D. had ever been built

    6. The house suddenly collapsed while it ____C______ down.

      A. was pulled                      B. pulled
      C. was being pulled                D. had been pulled

    7. "How do you like your new position?" "I ____B______ ."

      A. don’t satisfy                  B. am not satisfied（状态）
      C. can’t satisfy                  D. haven’t satisfied

    8. The sixth generation computers, with artificial intelligence,
________D__ and perfected now.

      A. developed                      B. will have been developed
      C. have developed                  D. are being developed

    9. There are more than fifty proposals ___B_______ at the conference.

      A. discussed                      B. to be discussed C. discussing                      D. having discussed

    10. Though Newton was a great scientist, many of his ideas
________D__ today and are being modified by the work of today’s scientists.

      A. are to challenge                B. are challenging
      C. may be challenged              D. have been challenged
第三节 虚拟语气  
一、虚拟式用于非真实条件句时的构成  
If I had time, I would go to the movies with you.  

If we hadn’t made adequate preparations, the conference, wouldn’t have been so successful.  

If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off.  
[提示]  

1. 在非真实条件句中, 有时从句的动词所表示的动作和主句的动词所表示的动作并不同时发生,这样的条件句中使用的虚似式称为混合虚拟式。其构成视具体情况而定。  
If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.  

If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.  

2. 引导非真实条件从句的连词if在正式文件中有时可以省去, were, had,  
should等非行为动词这时应提到从句句首。  

If I were you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.  
→Were I you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.  

3. 有些句子从表层结构上看无if引导的非真实条件句, 但从深层意思上看是存在的。这种情况下主句动词仍需用虚拟式。这类句子中常出现without(如果没有), but for(要不是),otherwise(否则), but that(若不, 后接一从句)等词或词组。  

But for your help, they couldn’t have succeeded.  
要不是你的帮助, 他们就不会取得成功。  

She wasn’t felling well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.  
她感不舒服。不然她不会那么早就离开会场的。  

二、虚拟式也可用于其他情况  

1. 在it’s necessary (important, natural, essential, proposed, required,  
suggested, impossible, strange) that…引导的真正的主语从句中动词应用虚拟式,  
表示必要、应该、建议、要求、惊讶、不相信等意。  
It’s necessary that we (should) set out at once.  

It’s proposed that a committee (should) be set up to look into the matter.  

It’s only natural that you should be nervous. 你感到紧张是很自然的。  

The dentist suggested that she (should) come another day.  

It is highly important that we (should) combine revolutionary sweep with  
practicalness. "对我们来说,把革命气概和实际精神结合起来是很重要的。"  

It is impossible that he should have missed the train. 他不可能误车。  

It’s strange that he should have failed in the exam.  

2. 在ask, require, order, demand, suggest, propose, command, insist?  
等动词后的宾语从句中, 动词也用虚拟式, 表示命令、建议、要求等。  
I suggest that we (should) go camping tomorrow.  
He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day afterthe experiment was done. 他坚持要求我们在做完实验后第二天将实验报告交上来。  

He asked that they (should) be allowed to use a dictionary.他要求准许他们用词典。  
The director required that we should work all night主任要求我们通宵工作。  
The mayor ordered that free food be distributed.市长命令发放免费食品。  
The boss demanded that Mary (should) finish it within a week.老板要求玛丽在一周内完成它。
I propose we should have another meeting. 我提议我们再开一次会议。  
I command that he go at once.我命令他立即就去  
注意,以上句中insist意为“坚持要求”。如insist作“坚持认为”解, 则不需用虚拟式。  

He insisted that he was right.  
他坚持认为他是对的。  

3. 虚拟式可用于wish后的宾语从句中, 表示与事实相反的愿望。  

I wish I had been to the concert last night.  
I wish he would forgive me.  

4. It’s (high, about) time that…的句型要求用虚拟式, 表示应该做还没做的事。((时节)正盛的;(时机)成熟的)  
It’s high time that he stopped smoking.  
It is high time you made up your mind.你该拿主意了。  
It’s about time that we took our leave.  
I’d rather you left tommorrow instead of today.  
I’d rather he hadn’t done anything like that.  

6. 在as if (though) 引导的状语从句中, 谓语动词有时用虚拟式。  

She looks as if she knew all about it.  
They talked as though they had got acquainted with each other for years.  

Exercises 3 Choose the best answer to complete the following senterces:  

1. If you ___________ that leat movie last night, you wouldn’t be dozy(困倦的) now.  

  A. haven’t watched  B. didn’t watch  
  C. hadn’t watchedD. wouldn’t have watched  


2. Had I knon it, I ___________ you.  

  A. have told B. had told  
  C. wouldn’t be told  D. would have told  

3. ___________ the storm, we should have reached our destination.  

  A. For but  B. But for  
  C. In spite of D. In case of  

4. She insisted that what she had done ___________ right.  

  A. was  B. is  
  C. beD. had been  

5. I wish you ___________ me yesterday.

5. 在I would (had) rather后的句子中, 动词也要求用虚拟式, 表示某人的愿望。