MBA英语语法概述4

第六节 强 调  


一、一般强调结构

强调结构为: It is (was)…that…。
它可以用来强调句中的某些成分, 如主语(从句)、宾语(从句)、状语(从句)等。
如强调主语或宾语, 则that可用who(指人), whom或which(指物)来代替;
如强调的是状语, 则不能用when, where等代替, 只能用that。
注意, 强调结构不能用来强调谓语动词和表语。  

It was my uncle that (who) sent me the parcel.
It is the article that (which) they discussed last week.
It was because he was too careless that he broke all the glasses.
It is in this room that I was born 30 years ago.

一、谓语动词用do, does, did表示强调        

    在肯定句中, 可以用do强调谓语部分, 可谓为:“务必”、“一定”、“真的”、“确实”等。这时动词要用原形。

    He does like to eat noodles.
    She did send me a postcark as I expected.


Exercises 6 Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences:

1. It was from the earlest time ___________ men began to study
    the natural phenomena and heavenly bodies.

      A. when                          B. where
      C. that                            D. how

2. It ___________ his father ___________ made him a lawyer.

      A. were…that                      B. was…that
      C. was…which                      D. is…which

3. What ___________ are you looking for？

      A. hell                            B. the hell
      C. a hell                          D. hells

4. He is ___________ honest because he often tells lies.

      A. anything but                    B. nothing but
      C. something but                  D. but anything

5. It is ___________ that should be given priority to.

      A. the government who decided
      B. what has the government decided
      C. only the government has decided

D. what the government has decided

6. ___________ , it is quite easy to drill a hole on it with laser.

      A. Hard although the diamond is
      B. Hard as the diamond is
      C. As the diamond is hard
      D. How hard is the diamond

7. it was ___________ it raised many difficult questions that
    the book took a long time to come out.

      A. since                                B. because
      C. after                                        D. when

8. It was the color of the material ___________ he was surprised at.

      A. who                            B. whom
      C. which                          D. what

9. It is ___________ he is determined.

      A. buying a new car that                B. to buy a new car that
      C. to buy a new car what                D. buying a new car which

10. It was not until he arrived at the railway station _________ he realized he had forgotten his ticket.

      A. before                        B. since
      C. when                        D. that

11. It was with great joy ___________ he received the news that his long lost son would soon return home.

      A. how                            B. because
      C. as                              D. that

12. It was Einstein ___________ wrote and published his famous theory relativity in 1965.

A. which                          B. whom
      C. what                            D. who

13. ___________ after the Second World War that test pilots first attempted to break the sound barrier.

      A. It was shortly                  B. There was shortly
      C. Was shortly                    D. Shortly

14. It ___________ only last year ___________ I made her acquaintance.

      A. was…which                    B. was…that
      C. was…whom                  D. is…that

15. ___________ that called this morning?

      A. Who was                        B. Who it was
      C. Who was him                    D. Who was it

第七节 一 致  


一致指句子成分之间或词语之间在性、数等方面应保持一致。
主谓一致指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、性、数上保持一致。

在具体处理一致关系时可遵循以下三原则:语法一致、意义一致、就近一致。

一、集体名词作主语时, 主语与谓语动词的一致

如集体名词在句中意指整体概念, 谓语动词用单数形式;
如在句中意指其具体成员, 谓语动词复数形式。

这类集体名词包括:army, audience, class, committee, crowd, crew, couple, family, group, staff, team, public, cabinet, band等。

The population of the earth is increasing very fast.
One third of the population here are farmers.
The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.
The public now know the whole story.
The teaching staff of this college is/are excellent.这所大学的教师都是出类拔萃的

二、学科名称和疾病名称作主语时, 主语与谓语动词的一致

某些学科名称和疾病名称虽是复数形式, 但这些词作主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。

这些词包括: electronics(电子学), mechanics(力学),classics(古典文学), linguistics(语言学), economics(经济学),statistics(统计学), physics(物理学), mathematics(数学)等。

Electronics is a piece of cake to him.
Qiantum mechanics(量子力学) supplies methods for calculating the results of experiments in all those realms.

三、表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词或词组作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致
表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词(或词组)作主语时,如只指一种、一本或一个, 不论它形式上是单数还是复数,谓语动词只用单数形式。

The adventrues of Huckleberry Finn was written by the famous American umorist Mark Twain.
The New York Times is not available here.
The United States was founded in 1776.

四、单复数同形的名词作主语时, 主语与谓语动词的一致

单复数同形的名词作主语时, 要根据句子意思来确定谓语动词的单复数形式,单复数同形的名词包括: aircraft, deer, fish, sheep , means, species, series, works, crossroads headquarters等。

Various means of transport are introduced in this article.
There are already 137 species of butterflies known in the world today.
It is all a means to an end.这只是达到目的的一种手段。
The airline ordered 15 new aircraft.那家航空公司订购了十五架新飞机。

五、表示时间、距离、度量、价值的复数名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致

这些复数名词, 如表示抽象概念, 被视作一整体时,谓语动词用单数形式;如表示具体的多少, 强调复数意义时,谓语动词用复数形式。

Ten minutes is all that I can spare for you.
Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her.
The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours.

六、由with, as well as等词或词组修饰的单数名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致.

如作主语的单数名词后有下列词或词组修饰时, 谓语动词仍用单数形式: with, along with, together with, besides, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by, rather than, but等。

The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.
A scientist, together with some assistants,was sent to help solve that problem.
The boss, rather than his employees, is to blame.

Nobody but San and Ann is in the lab.

七、and连接的两个名词作主语时, 主语与谓语动词的一致

一般情况下, and连接的两个名词作主语时, 谓语动词用复数形式。但有些情况下, and连接的两个名词意指同一人物、同一事物、同一概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式。通常, 如果两个名词只有一个限定词或无限定词修饰时,它们常常表示一个概念, 如果两个名词分别有两个限定词修饰时,它们往往表示两个不同的概念。
另外, 如果and连接的两个单数名词均有each, every , many a,no等词修饰时, 谓语动词用单数形式。

War and peace is a constant theme in history.
The wear and tear on the machine is obvious.
The secretary and manager was present at the meeting.
Every hour and every minute is vital to me now.
Many a boy and many a girl has been to the exhibition.

八、连词or等连接两个名词(或代词)作主语时, 主语与谓语动词的一致

连词or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词必须和靠它较近的一个名词或代词取得一致, 这就是就近一致原则。

Either I or they are responsible for it.
Neither your unkind words nor your unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.
Not only he but also his amily members are interested in football match.