英语试卷
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D an ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved
in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.
In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will
introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly
control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.
In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord
Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not
8 sufficient control.
9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he
said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges
12 to Parliament.
The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European
Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to
privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.
“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,” he said. Witness payments
became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were
18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised
19 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.
1. [A]. as to [B]. for instance [C]. in particular [D]. such as
2. [A]. tightening [B]. intensifying [C]. focusing [D]. fastening
3. [A]. sketch [B]. rough [C]. preliminary [D]. draft
4. [A]. illogical [B]. illegal [C]. improbable [D]. improper
5. [A]. publicity [B]. penalty [C]. popularity [D]. peculiarity
6. [A]. since [B]. if [C]. before [D]. as
7. [A]. sided [B]. shared [C]. complied [D]. agreed
8. [A]. present [B]. offer [C]. manifest [D]. indicate
9. [A]. Release [B]. Publication [C]. Printing [D]. Exposure
10. [A]. storm [B]. rage [C]. flare [D]. flash
11. [A]. translation [B]. interpretation [C]. exhibition [D]. demonstration
12. [A]. better than [B]. other than [C]. rather than [D]. sooner than
13. [A]. changes [B]. makes [C]. sets [D]. turns
14. [A]. binding [B]. convincing [C]. restraining [D]. sustaining
15. [A]. authorized [B]. credited [C]. entitled [D]. qualified
16. [A]. with [B]. to [C]. from [D]. by
17. [A]. impact [B]. incident [C]. inference [D]. issue
18. [A]. stated [B]. remarked [C]. said [D]. told
19. [A]. what [B]. when [C]. which [D]. that
20. [A]. assure [B]. confide [C]. ensure [D]. guarantee
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
The period of adolescence, i. e., the person between childhood and adulthood, may be long
or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes
maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short
period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with
laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the
second decade of one’ s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition
of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change.
Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the
nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an
agricultural society.
In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic
significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies.
Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and
social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college
graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes
and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the
educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by
legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine
years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects
of child-hood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted.
The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane,
theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges
without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain
adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices.
He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the
restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities
as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental
permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult.
He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled
to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age alter
majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point
adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
21. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because .
A. the definition of maturity has changed
B. the industrialized society is more developed
C. more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
D. ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
22. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to .
A. graduations from schools and colleges
B. social recognition
C. socio-economic status
D. certain behavioral changes
23. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is .
A. eighteen years old
B. twenty years old
C. twenty-one years old
D. between twelve and twenty-one years old
24. Starting from 22, .
A. one will obtain more basic rights
B. the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have
C. one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21
D. one will enjoy more rights granted by society.
25. According to the passage, it is true that .
A. in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed
B. no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one
C. one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license
D. one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army
Text 2
In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官
僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling
is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and
“human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become
powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with
it. In fact, the blue- collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance
to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a
job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest
in life. In other words, they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental
realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human
beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than
those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly
competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a
matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence
as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they
are tested again and again—by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by
their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant
need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant
anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to
nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by
returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system
from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are
ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his
potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements. Production
and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.
26. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is .
A. a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible
B. working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
C. an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly
D. a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly
27. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that .
A. they are likely to lose their jobs
B. they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
C. they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence
D. they are deprived of their individuality and independence
28. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those .
A. who are at the bottom of the society
B. who are higher up in their social status
C. who prove better than their fellow-competitors
D. who could keep far away from this competitive world
29. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should .
A. resort to the production mode of our ancestors
B. offer higher wages to the workers and employees
C. enable man to fully develop his potentialities
D. take the fundamental realities for granted
30. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of .
A. approval
B. dissatisfaction
C. suspicion
D. tolerance
Text 3
Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life
can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth
century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother
tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.
All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language
here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life
especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are
still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive
to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these
sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might
never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time,
but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age,
but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of
igh IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak
simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three
to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four
his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special
about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a
child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-
bear.” And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language
from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a
language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between
the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling
, graspingand smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals
dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals.
Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of
language.
31. The purpose of Frederick II’s experiment was .
A. to prove that children are born with the ability to speak
B. to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech
C. to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak
D. to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language
32. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that .
A. they are incapable of learning language rapidly
B. they are exposed to too much language at once
C. their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak
D. their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them
33. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that .
A. he is born with the capacity to speak
B. he has a brain more complex than an animal’s
C. he can produce his own sentences
D. he owes his speech ability to good nursing
34. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?
A. The faculty of speech is inborn in man.
B. Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.
C. The child’s brain is highly selective.
D. Most children learn their language in definite stages.
35. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will .
A. have a high IQ
B. be less intelligent
C. be insensitive to verbal signals
D. not necessarily be backward
Text 4
One of the questions that is coming into focus and we Americans must be awakened to as we are confronted
with growing scarcity of resources of diverse kinds in the world is how to distribute limited
resources among countries. For many years, the international development community has held
the conventional notion that the 2 billion people living in poor countries could never anticipate
reaching the standard of living that most of us in North America enjoy, simply because the world
does not have enough reserve of iron ore, protein, petroleum, and so on. At the same time, we in
the United States have continued to pursue super-affluence as though there were no limits and then there were no restrictions to how much we consume.
Every American must be aware of the fact that we account for 6 percent of the world’s people
but we consume one-third of the world’s resources.
Provided that the resources we consumed each year came primarily from within our own boundaries,
this was largely an internal matter. But as our resources come more and more from the outside
world, “outsiders” are going to have some remarks over the rate at which and terms under
which we consume. We will no longer be able to think in terms of “our” resources and “
their” resources, but only of common resources.
As Americans consuming such a disproportionate share of the world’s resources, we have to
question whether or not we can continue our pursuit of super-affluence in a world of increasing scarcity. That is, we are now reaching the point where we must
carefully examine the presumed link between our level of well-being and the level of material goods consumed. If you have only one crust of bread and get another
crust of bread, your well-being is greatly enhanced, whereas if you have a loaf of bread, then an additional crust of bread
doesn’t make that much difference. In the eyes of most of the world today, Americans have
their loaf of bread and are asking for still more, which people elsewhere are beginning to
challenge. This is the question we’re going to have to answer, whether we’re trying to
persuade countries to step up their exports of oil to us or trying to convince them that we
ought to be permitted to maintain our share of the world fish catch.
The prospect of a scarcity of, and competition for, the world’s resources required that we
reexamine the way in which we relate to the rest of the world. It means we find ways of
cutting back on resource consumption that is dependent on the resources and cooperation of
other countries. We cannot expect people in these countries to concern themselves with our
worsening energy and food shortages unless we demonstrate some concerns for the hunger,
illiteracy and disease that are diminishing life for them.
36. The writer warns Americans that .
A. their excessive consumption has caused world resource exhaustion
B. it is getting harder and harder for them to obtain material resources
C. they are consuming a disproportionably share of the world resources
D. the natural resources like iron ore and petroleum are not infinite
37. According to the passage, it has long been believed that .
A. people in poor countries do not know how to enjoy a high standard of living
B. the finite resources make it almost impossible for the poor people to become wealthy
C. most Americans know that the world’s resources of many kinds are becoming scarce
D. it is impossible for all the people in the world to improve their living standards
38. The countries exporting resources to America will probably .
A. make more profit by exporting resources to America
B. cut down the amount of export of resources to America
C. accelerate their development rate by consuming more
D. express their discontentment of America’s consumption
39. The writer gives the example of bread to show that .
A. the United States has been much richer than any other countries
B. the United States has acquired more than what it has contributed
C. the United States has been too greedy in its pursuit of super-wealth
D. the United States is more capable of pursuing wealth than other countries
40. What is the conclusion of this passage?
A. The United States will be isolated if it does not stop pursuing super-affluence.
B. The poor countries will no longer supply the United States with their good.
C. The United States should care about the well-being of other countries.
D. It is time for the Americans to help the people in poor countries to improve their living standards.
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that
corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices
in the left column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Despite Denmark’s manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes.
This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always
begin by commenting on its tininess, its unimportance, the difficulty of its language, the
general small-mindedness and self-indulgence of their countrymen and the high taxes. No Dane would look you in the eye and say,
“Denmark is a great country.” You’re supposed to figure this out for yourself.
It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half the national budget goes toward
smoothing out life’s inequalities, and there is plenty of money for schools, day care,
retraining programmes, job seminars-Danes love seminars: three days at a study centre hearing about waste management is almost as
good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded by English, in advertising, pop music, the
Internet, and despite all the English that Danish absorbs — there is no Danish Academy to defend against it — old dialects persist in Jutland that can barely be understood by Copenhageners. It is the land
where, as the saying goes, “Few have too much and fewer have too little,” and a foreigner
is struck by the sweet egalitarianism that prevails, where the lowliest clerk gives you a
level gaze, where Sir and Madame have disappeared from common usage, even Mr. and Mrs. It’
s a nation of recyclers — about 55 % of Danish garbage gets made into something new — and no nuclear power plants. It’s a nation of tireless planner. Trains run on time. Things
operate well in general.
Such a nation of overachievers — a brochure from the Ministry of Business and Industry says, “Denmark is one of the world’s
cleanest and most organized countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark
is the most corruption-free society in the Northern Hemisphere. ” So, of course, one’s heart lifts at any sighting
of Danish sleaze: skinhead graffiti on buildings (“Foreigners Out of Denmark!”), broken
beer bottles in the gutters, drunken teenagers slumped in the park.
Nonetheless, it is an orderly land. You drive through a Danish town, it comes to an end at a
stone wall, and on the other side is a field of barley, a nice clean line: town here, country
there. It is not a nation of jay-walkers. People stand on the curb and wait for the red light to change, even if it’s 2 a.m. and
there’s not a car in sight. However, Danes don’t think of themselves as a waiting-at-2-a.m.
-for-the-green-light people — that’s how they see Swedes and Germans. Danes see themselves as jazzy people, improvisers, more
free spirited than Swedes, but the truth is (though one should not say it) that Danes are very
much like Germans and Swedes. Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few natural
resources, limited manufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker,
and distributor of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, and these bright,
young, English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplined people will get your goods around to Scandinavia,
the Baltic States, and Russia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern
and well-maintained.
The orderliness of the society doesn’t mean that Danish lives are less messy or lonely than
yours or mine, and no Dane would tell you so. You can hear plenty about bitter family feuds
and the sorrows of alcoholism and about perfectly sensible people who went off one day and
killed themselves. An orderly society can not exempt its members from the hazards of life.
But there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danes grow up with. Certain things are
yours by virtue of citizenship, and you shouldn’t feel bad for taking what you’re entitled
to, you’re as good as anyone else. The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone, the
benefits you get if you lose your job, the steps you take to get a new one; and the orderliness
of the system makes it possible for the country to weather high unemployment and social unrest
without a sense of crisis.
|
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A. because you can send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen by these bright, young, English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplined people. |
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41. Danish people would usually tell foreigners |
B. that their country is not very big and their language is difficult to learn. |
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42. English is pervasive in the land of Denmark |
C. but there is no Danish Academy to defend against it. |
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43. Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes |
D. partly because has few natural resources, limited manufacturing capability. |
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44. The role of Demark in Europe is as a broker, banker, and distributor |
E. because they are all waiting-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-light people. |
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45. Although Demark is an orderly land |
F. there are still people who are suffering from various miseries. |
|
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G. they’re supposed to figure out that Demark is a great country by themselves. |
Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
In the United States, election activity is intensifying in the final days of the midterm
congressional election campaign. Both major political parties are reaching out to key voting
groups as the November 2 balloting draws near, hoping to motivate core constituencies to go
to the polls on Election Day.
Public opinion polls give opposition Republicans a big advantage heading in the midterm election.
For months now, surveys have shown that Republican voters, especially conservatives, are energized
about this year’s election and intend to turn out in droves. With that in mind, President Barack
Obama and other top Democrats are engaged in a furious last-minute effort to motivate the same key Democratic voting blocs that played such an important role in
Mr. Osama’s presidential election victory two years ago. The latest polls suggest a number of
Senate races are tightening in the final days of the campaign, offering some encouragement to
Democrats. Most analysts expect large Republican gains in the House of Representatives, and many
are already predicting that Republicans will gain the additional 39 seats they need to retake
control of the House.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
You have been informed that next Wednesday your company’s computer system will be closed
down so that improvements can be made. Write an email to all staff in your department:
1) saying what time on Wednesday the system will be closed down;
2) suggesting how staff should prepare for this;
3) saying how the system will be better after the improvements.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
Part B
48. Directions:
In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following table. In your writing,
you should
1) Interpret the table and
2) Give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
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