从句的翻译
<!--[if !supportLists]-->（一） <!--[endif]-->名词性从句的译法1
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->主语从句
在翻译由what, whatever, whoever, that, when, where, how, whether 等引导的主语从句，一般仍按照原文句子结构的前后顺序。
Whoever fulfills his task first will lend a helping hand to others.
无论谁先完成自己的工作，都要去帮助别人。
由it 做形式主语的从句，
It is a fact that the USA has sent its fleet to all parts of the world.
美国已经把舰队派往世界各地，这是事实。
2. 宾语从句
I have noticed that if you speak too slowly people may cut you off.
我注意到，如果你说得太慢，人们常会打断你。
有it 做形式宾语，
They consider it a great compliment that the President should visit them.
他们认为总统访问他们是莫大的荣幸。
3. 表语从句
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
问题在于我们能不能在明天晚上以前完成这项工作。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->同位语从句
中间用冒号，或即来连接
We can not deny the fact the Beijing , at the moment, is not as green a city as what we like it to be.
我们不能否认这个事实： 北京目前并非一个让我们满意的绿色城市。
The scientists made an exciting discovering that this waste material could be turned into plastics.
科学家们有了一个令人振奋的发现，即可以把这种废物变成塑料。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->（二） <!--[endif]-->定语从句的译法
1.如果定语较短，可以放在被修饰词之前，中间加的。
They are the engineers that designed the new- type machine.
他们就是设计这种新式机器的工程师。
2.如果定语长，可以后置，译成并列分句。
The relations between China and the United States of American have been improved, which will contribute to world peace.
中美两国关系已经得到改善，这将有利于世界和平。
3.一些定语在意义上与主句有状语关系，说明原因，时间，地点，目的，让步等
Electronic computers, which have many advantages, can not carry out creative work and replace man.
虽然计算机有很多优点，但是他们不能进行创造性工作，也代替不了人。
The young reporter wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.
这个年轻的记者想写一篇文章，以便引起公众的注意。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->（三） <!--[endif]-->状语从句
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Just as radar is to airplanes and ships, so eyes are to human body.
雷达对飞机和轮船就好像眼睛对于人的身体一样。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->You can fly to London this evening providing you don’t mind changing planes in Paris.
假如你不介意在巴黎换飞机的话，今天晚上你就可以飞往伦敦。
练习
1.The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
[参考译文]美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
[参考译文]随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。
3.The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
[参考译文]这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。
. 4. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
[参考译文]这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性，这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。
5.After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’sNorthern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
[参考译文] 经过了六个月的争论以及最后16个小时激烈的议会辩论，澳大利亚北部地区成了世界上第一个允许医生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的立法当局。
6. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
[参考译文]例如，阿斯旺大坝使得尼罗河不再洪水泛滥，但是它也夺去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--这些换来的就是这么个疾病滋生的水库，现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。
7. New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training,
[参考译文]企业重组的新方法--所有那些重新设计、缩小规模的做法--只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献。这种经济还受许多其他因素的驱动，比如结合设备和机械上的投资、新技术，以及在教育和培训上的投资。
8. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
[参考译文]他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令．不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验--尽管还没有人建议这么做--他还请一个以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗得?夏皮罗为首的独立的专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。
9. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.
[参考译文]审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机，一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。
. 10.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
[参考译文]尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的--比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告--许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们)并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。
11. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
[参考译文]战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限，他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人牺牲。
12 . The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented, and policy makers and responsible employers are particularly sensitive to the plight of the black female employee on the theory that she is doubly the victim of discrimination.
【译文】 大量文献证明，就业中存在着种族和性别歧视；政策的制定者和有责任心的雇主对黑人女职员的境遇特别敏感，因为，从理论上来说，她们遭受着双重歧视。
13.Unlike his hero Theodore Roosevelt, who helped create the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) while in office, Nixon repeatedly backed away from opportunities to use the prestige of his office to have an influence in the world of sport, such as preventing the relocation of the Washington Senators baseball team to the Dallas Ft. Worth area. He did, however, attempt to use sport as venue to shape cultural values.
【译文】西奥多·罗斯福总统是他崇拜的人物，在执政期间帮助创立了全国大学生体育协会。与罗斯福不一样的是：尼克松多次拒绝利用总统威望来影响体育界的机会。但是，他的确想将体育运动当做树立文化价值观的手段。
14. Between 1940 and 1980 in the United States, for example, per-acre yields of corn tripled, those of wheat and soybeans doubled, and farm output per hour of farm work increased almost 10 fold as capital was substituted for labour.
【译文】例如，美国在1940～1980期间玉米的亩产量增加了2倍，小麦和大豆增加了1倍；换算为现金计算，每工时的农业产量增加了近9倍。
15. And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed, but how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.
【译文】在大学问题上，他们谈话的焦点不是如何更有效地花钱，而是提高大学体制的效率，许多人感到这个体制效率非常低下，而且变得僵化。
16. Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force.
【译文】会议结束后，里奇和其他州长们更坚信：高等教育需要革新换面，也许应该重点提高效率，满足新技术和变化的劳动力市场的要求。
17.Like our political society, the university is under severe attack today and perhaps for the same reason; namely, that we have accomplished much of what we have set out to do in this generation, that we have done so imperfectly, and while we have been doing so, we have said a lot of things that simply are not true.
【译文】像我们的政治社会一样，今天的大学正在受到严厉抨击，而且理由也许相同，即：我们这个时代要做的事情已经大都完成，但是我们做得还不尽善尽美，而且，虽然我们做出了一些论断，但我们也说了许多不正确的话。
18.At this moment of crisis in our nations history, thought has become more contemplative, prayerful, and spiritual. It may be the time to tell the entertainment industry that we want not a temporary pause in the flow of tastelessness, but a long-term cleanup.
【译文】在目前我们国家历史上这个危机时刻，人们在思想中反思、祈祷、冥想。也许是我们该告诉娱乐业的时候了：我们要的不是暂时停止制作那些低级趣味的东西，而是永远清除它们。
